Lincoln Aviator 2020-2024 Service Manual / Chassis / Driveline / Rear Drive Axle/Differential / Diagnosis and Testing - Rear Drive Axle and Differential

Lincoln Aviator: Rear Drive Axle/Differential / Diagnosis and Testing - Rear Drive Axle and Differential

Preliminary Inspection

Visually inspect the housing, seals, drive pinion stem for obvious signs of mechanical damage.

If an obvious cause for an observed or reported concern is found, correct the cause (if possible) before proceeding to the next step

If the cause is not visually evident, verify the symptom and REFER to Symptom Chart: NVH.

Symptom Chart(s)

Diagnostics in this manual assume a certain skill level and knowledge of Ford-specific diagnostic practices.
REFER to: Diagnostic Methods (100-00 General Information, Description and Operation).

Symptom Chart - Differential

Condition	Possible Sources	Actions
Axle overheating	Axle lubricant low	CHECK the lubricant level. FILL the axle to specification. REFER to: Differential Fluid Level Check (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures).
	Incorrect or contaminated lubrication type	INSPECT the axle for damage. REPAIR as necessary or INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation). CLEAN and REFILL the axle to specification as necessary. REFER to: Specifications (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Specifications).
	Excessive gear wear	INSPECT all the axle gears for wear or damaged. INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
	Incorrect ring gear backlash	INSPECT the ring gear for scoring. INSPECT the ring and pinion wear pattern. ADJUST the ring gear backlash as necessary. REFER to: Ring Gear Backlash Adjustment (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures).
Broken gear teeth on the ring gear or pinion	Overloading the vehicle	INSPECT all the axle gears for wear or damaged. INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Differential side gears/pinion gears are scored	Insufficient lubrication	FILL the axle to specification. REFER to: Specifications (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Specifications). or INSPECT all the axle gears for wear or damaged. INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Differential side gears/pinion gears are scored	Incorrect or contaminated lubricant type	CHECK and REFILL the axle to specification as necessary. REFER to: Specifications (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Specifications).
Gray or milky axle lubricant in low mileage vehicles	Marking compound in axle fluid	Inspect axle housing and vent for damage or leaks. Refer to Axle Fluid Analysis in this section.
Lubricant leaking from the pinion seal, axle shaft oil seals or support arm to the housing	Vent	CLEAN the axle housing vent.
	Damage in the seal contact area	INSTALL a new driveshaft and the drive pinion seal if damage is found. REFER to: Rear Driveshaft (205-01 Driveshaft, Removal and Installation). REFER to: Drive Pinion Seal (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).

Symptom Chart: NVH

Symptom Chart

Condition	Possible Sources	Actions
Axle howling or whine	Axle lubricant low	CHECK the lubricant level. FILL the axle to specification. REFER to: Differential Fluid Level Check (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures).
	Axle housing damage	INSPECT and INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
	Damaged, worn or incorrect ring and pinion gear contact	INSPECT and INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Driveline clunk - loud clunk when shifting from REVERSE to DRIVE	Incorrect axle lubricant level	CHECK the lubricant level. FILL the axle to specification. REFER to: Differential Fluid Level Check (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures).
	Excessive backlash in the axle	CHECK for excessive axle backlash. ADJUST backlash as necessary. REFER to: Ring Gear Backlash Adjustment (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures).
Driveline clunk — occurs as the vehicle starts to move forward following a stop	Pinion gears	INSPECT and INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Grinding, popping or chattering – noise from the rear axle when the vehicle is turning	Damaged or worn differential (differential side gears and pinion gears)	INSPECT the differential carrier and the components of the differential carrier. INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Grunting — normally associated with a shudder experienced during acceleration from a complete stop	Loose rear axle mount bolts or suspension fasteners	CHECK for loose bolts. TIGHTEN to specifications. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Howl – can occur at various speeds and driving conditions. Affected by acceleration and deceleration	Incorrect ring and pinion contact, incorrect bearing preload or gear damage	INSPECT and ADJUST as necessary. Refer to, Contact Pattern of this procedure, or REFER to: Ring Gear Backlash Adjustment (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures). or INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Chuckle – heard at coast/ deceleration. Also described as knock	Incorrect ring and pinion contact or damaged teeth on the coast side of the ring and pinion	INSPECT and INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. Refer to, Contact Pattern of this procedure, or REFER to: Ring Gear Backlash Adjustment (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures). or INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary.REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Knock – noise occurs at various speeds. Not affected by acceleration or deceleration	Gear tooth damage to the driver side of the ring and pinion	INSPECT and INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Scraping noise – a continuous low pitched noise starting at low speed	Worn or damaged pinion bearings	INSPECT and INSTALL a new axle assembly as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
Driveline shudder – occurs during acceleration from a slow speed or stop	Rear drive axle assembly mispositioned	CHECK the axle mounts and the rear suspension for damage or wear. REPLACE as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
	Loose rear axle bolts	CHECK the rear axle for loose bolts. TIGHTEN the bolts as necessary. REFER to: Axle Assembly (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, Removal and Installation).
	Driveline angles out of specification	CHECK for correct driveline angles. REFER to: Driveshaft Angle Measurement (205-01 Driveshaft, General Procedures).

Axle Fluid Analysis

The appearance of milky or gray axle fluid in early mileage axles is a result of white marking compound used at the assembly plant to verify gear mesh contact pattern. The marking compound within the fluid will darken some over time. The milky fluid appearance will diminish and cause no harm and does not require a fluid change.

Analysis of Leakage

Clean up the leaking area enough to identify the exact source.

A plugged Rear axle housing vent can cause excessive pinion seal lip wear due to internal pressure buildup.

Verify the differential lubricant level is at the correct level.
REFER to: Differential Fluid Level Check (205-02 Rear Drive Axle/Differential, General Procedures).

Axle Vent

A plugged vent will cause excessive seal lip wear due to internal pressure buildup. If a leak occurs, check the vent. If the vent cannot be cleared, install a new vent.

Drive Pinion Seal

Leaks at the drive pinion seal originate from the following causes:

Damaged seal
Worn seal journal surface

A new drive pinion flange must be installed if any of these conditions exist.

Any damage to the seal bore (dings, dents, gouges or other imperfections) distorts the seal casing and allows leakage past the outer edge of the drive pinion seal.
The drive pinion seal can be torn, cut or gouged if it is not installed correctly. The spring that holds the drive pinion seal against the pinion flange may be knocked out and allow fluid to pass the lip.
Metal chips trapped at the sealing lip can cause oil leaks. These can cause a wear groove on the drive pinion flange and result in pinion seal wear.
When a seal leak occurs, install a new drive pinion seal and check the vent to make sure it is clean and free of foreign material.

Contact Pattern

In general, desirable ring gear tooth patterns must have the following characteristics:

Drive pattern on the drive side ring gear well centered on the tooth.
Coast pattern on the coast side ring gear well centered on the tooth.
Clearance between the pattern and the top of the tooth.
No hard lines where the pressure is high.

Acceptable ring gear tooth patterns for all axles.

Correct backlash with a thinner pinion position shim required.

Correct backlash with a thicker pinion position shim required.

Correct pinion position shim that requires a decrease in backlash.

Correct pinion position shim that requires an increase in backlash.

Description and Operation - Rear Drive Axle and Differential

The 8.8-inch ring gear open rear differential axle has 3.31 gear ratio versions. Rear Drive Axle and Differential The rear axle assembly consists of the following: Integral-type housing hypoid gear design (center of the pinion set below the centerline of the ring gear) Hypoid differential ring gear and pinion consisting of a 8...

General Procedures - Differential Draining and Filling

Materials Name Specification Motorcraft® SAE 75W-85 Premium Synthetic Hypoid Gear LubricantXY-75W85-QL WSS-M2C942-A Draining With the vehicle in NEUTRAL, position it on a hoist...

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Seatbelt Height Adjustment

WARNING: Position the seatbelt height adjuster so that the seatbelt rests across the middle of your shoulder. Failure to adjust the seatbelt correctly could reduce its effectiveness and increase the risk of injury in a crash.

Adjust the height of the shoulder belt so the belt rests across the middle of your shoulder. Slide the adjuster up to raise the belt. Press the button and slide it down to lower the belt.